Simple Past Tense,Past Continuous Tense,Past Perfect Tense, And Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Past Tense,Past Continuous Tense,Past Perfect Tense, And Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Past Tense

I sang

The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.

How do we make the Simple Past Tense?

To make the simple past tense, we use:

• past form only
  or
• auxiliary did + base form

Here you can see examples of the past form and base form for irregular verbs and regular verbs:

	V1 base	V2 past	V3 past participle
regular verb	work explode like	worked exploded liked	worked exploded liked	The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.
irregular verb	go see sing	went saw sang	gone seen sung	The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.
			You do not need the past participle form to make the simple past tense. It is shown here for completeness only.

The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject	+	main verb
		past

The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	not	+	main verb
		did				base

The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:

auxiliary verb	+	subject	+	main verb
did				base

The auxiliary verb did is not conjugated. It is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go and work:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I			went	to school.
	You			worked	very hard.
-	She	did	not	go	with me.
	We	did	not	work	yesterday.
?	Did	you		go	to London?
	Did	they		work	at home?

Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these examples:

	subject	main verb
+	I, he/she/it	was		here.
	You, we, they	were		in London.
-	I, he/she/it	was	not	there.
	You, we, they	were	not	happy.
?	Was	I, he/she/it		right?
	Were	you, we, they		late?

How do we use the Simple Past Tense?

We use the simple past tense to talk about an action or a situation - an event - in the past. The event can beshort or long.
Here are some short events with the simple past tense:

The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday. She went to the door. We did not hear the telephone. Did you see that car?
past	present	future
The action is in the past.

Here are some long events with the simple past tense:

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years. The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years. We did not sing at the concert. Did you watch TV last night?
past	present	future
The action is in the past.

Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the simple past tense when:

• the event is in the past
• the event is completely finished
• we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event

In general, if we say the time or place of the event, we must use the simple past tense; we cannot use the present perfect.

Here are some more examples:

• I lived in that house when I was young.
• He didn't like the movie.
• What did you eat for dinner?
• John drove to London on Monday.
• Mary did not go to work yesterday.
• Did you play tennis last week?
• I was at work yesterday.
• We were not late (for the train).
• Were you angry?

Note that when we tell a story, we usually use the simple past tense. We may use the past continuous tense to "set the scene", but we almost always use the simple past tense for the action. Look at this example of the beginning of a story:

"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It wascold. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, whichwas very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."

This page shows the use of the simple past tense to talk about past events. But note that there are some other uses for the simple past tense, for example in conditional or ifsentences.

Simple Past Tense Quiz

1              I ... to the mall after school (went/gone)               

2              My brother …  a bear an hour ago.(saw/seen)

3              … Mike visit his grandmother last night?(did/are)             

4              Alex did not …  last weekend. (work/worked)    

5              … Judy and Liz at last month's meeting?(were/was)         

6              We …  not happy after the sad ending.(were/was)           

7              … you see Jody's new dog yesterday?(are/did)                 

8              Sorry, I … hear you at the door.(wasn`t/didn`t)

9              I … English for two years.(study/studied)              

10           What  … you eat for lunch yesterday? (do/did)

Past Continuous Tense

I was singing

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

How do we make the Past Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past continuous tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb BE	+	main verb
		conjugated in simple past tense		present participle
		was were		base + ing

For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	was		watching	TV.
+	You	were		working	hard.
-	He, she, it	was	not	helping	Mary.
-	We	were	not	joking.
?	Were	you		being	silly?
?	Were	they		playing	football?

How do we use the past continuous tense? »

The spelling rules for adding ing to make the past continuous tense are the same as for the present continuous tense.

How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?

The past continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. For example, yesterday I watched a film on TV. The film started at 7pm and finished at 9pm.

At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.
past	present	future
8pm
At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.

When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we are talking about. Look at these examples:

• I was working at 10pm last night.
• They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
• What were you doing at 10pm last night?
• What were you doing when he arrived?
• She was cooking when I telephoned her.
• We were having dinner when it started to rain.
• Ram went home early because it was snowing.

Some verbs cannot be used in continuous/progressive tenses.

We often use the past continuous tense to "set the scene" in stories. We use it to describe the background situation at the moment when the action begins. Often, the story starts with the past continuous tense and then moves into the simple past tense. Here is an example:

" James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowinghard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense

We often use the past continuous tense with the simple past tense. We use the past continuous tense to express a long action. And we use the simple past tense to express a short action that happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.
In the following example, we have two actions:

1. long action (watching TV), expressed with past continuous tense
2. short action (telephoned), expressed with simple past tense

past	present	future
Long action.
I was watching TV at 8pm. 8pm You telephoned at 8pm.
Short action.

We can join these two actions with when:

• I was watching TV when you telephoned.

(Notice that "when you telephoned" is also a way of defining the time [8pm].)
We use:

• when + short action (simple past tense)
• while + long action (past continuous tense)

There are four basic combinations:

	I was walking past the car	when	it exploded.
When	the car exploded		I was walking past it.
	The car exploded	while	I was walking past it.
While	I was walking past the car		it exploded.

Notice that the long action and short action are relative.

• "Watching TV" took a few hours. "Telephoned" took a few seconds.
• "Walking past the car" took a few seconds. "Exploded" took a few milliseconds.

Past Perfect Tense

I had sung

The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".

How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?

The structure of the past perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	main verb
		conjugated in simple past tense		past participle
		had		V3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	had		finished	my work.
+	You	had		stopped	before me.
-	She	had	not	gone	to school.
-	We	had	not	left.
?	Had	you		arrived?
?	Had	they		eaten	dinner?

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I had	I'd
you had	you'd
he had she had it had	he'd she'd it'd
we had	we'd
they had	they'd

  

The 'd contraction is also used for the auxiliary verb would. For example, we'd can mean:  We had or We would But usually the main verb is in a different form, for example:  We had arrived (past participle) We would arrive (base) It is always clear from the context.

How do we use the Past Perfect Tense?

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:

• The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

The train had left when we arrived.
past	present	future
Train leaves in past at 9am.
9 9.15
We arrive in past at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

• I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
• They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
• I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
• "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived."
  "Really? Where had she gone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect tense				present perfect tense
had | done | > |					have | done | > |
past	now	future		past	now	future

For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

• "You are too late. The train has left."

Later, you tell your friends:

• "We were too late. The train had left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, thought, wondered:
Look at these examples:

• He told us that the train had left.
• I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
• He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
• I wondered if I had been there before.
• I asked them why they had not finished.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

I had been singing

How do we make the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The structure of the past perfect continuous tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	auxiliary verb BE	+	main verb
		conjugated in simple past tense		past participle		present participle
		had		been		base + ing

For negative sentences in the past perfect continuous tense, we insert not after the first auxiliary verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and first auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect continuous tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		auxiliary verb	main verb
+	I	had		been	working.
+	You	had		been	playing	tennis.
-	It	had	not	been	working	well.
-	We	had	not	been	expecting	her.
?	Had	you		been	drinking?
?	Had	they		been	waiting	long?

When speaking with the past perfect continuous tense, we often contract the subject and first auxiliary verb:

I had been	I'd been
you had been	you'd been
he had she had been it had been	he'd been she'd been it'd been
we had been	we'd been
they had been	they'd been

How do we use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

The past perfect continuous tense is like the past perfect tense, but it expresses longer actions in the pastbefore another action in the past. For example:

• Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours.

Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.
past	present	future
Ram starts waiting in past at 9am.
9 11
I arrive in past at 11am.

Here are some more examples:

• John was very tired. He had been running.
• I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
• Suddenly, my car broke down. I was not surprised. It had not been running well for a long time.
• Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

You can sometimes think of the past perfect continuous tense like the present perfect continuous tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect continuous tense				present perfect continuous tense
had | been | doing | >>>> |	| | | |			| | | |	have | been | doing | >>>> |
past	now	future		past	now	future

For example, imagine that you meet Ram at 11am. Ram says to you:

• "I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours."

Later, you tell your friends:

• "Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours."

software aplikasi internet II

Aplikasi Internet

World Wide Web (WWW) atau website.

Web atau situs adalah sebuah sistem dimana informasi dalam bentuk teks, gambar, suara, dan lain-lain yang tersimpan dalam sebuah internet webserver dipresentasikan dalam bentuk hypertext. Informasi umum dalam bentuk teks umumnya ditulis dalam format HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language). Informasi lainnya disajikan dalam bentuk grafis, suara, dan objek multimedia lainnya.

E-mail (Electronic Mail).

E-mail merupakan surat elektronik yang dikirim melalui internet. E-mail adalah aplikasi yang memungkinkan para pengguna internet untuk saling berkirim pesan melalui alamat elektronik di internet. Untuk dapat menggunakan fasilitas e-mail, terlebih dahulu harus memiliki akun dengan cara mendaftar untuk mendapatkan alamat e-mail di salah satu penyedia jasa e-mail. Beberapa situs penyedia jasa e-mail antara lain : www.yahoo.com,www.plasa.com, www.hotmail.com, dan lain-lain.

Telnet.

Merupakan bagian internet yang memungkinkan untuk mengakses data dari komputer lain jarak jauh melalui jaringan internet. Telnet ini merupakan suatu program untuk login ke komputer lain di internet sehingga dapat mengakses database online, katalog perpustakaan, layanan chatting, dan masih banyak lagi.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol).

FTP adalah fasilitas internet yang memberikan kemudahan kepada pengguna untuk mencari dan mengambil arsip file (download) di suatu server yang terhubung ke internet pada alamat tertentu yang menyediakan berbagai arsip (file), yang memang diizinkan untuk diambil oleh pengguna lain yang membutuhkannya. FTP juga dipergunakan untuk meng-upload file materi situs (homepage) sehingga bisa diakses oleh orang lain.

Gopher.

Merupakan bagian internet yang memungkinkan pemakai mengakses informasi di komputer lain. Informasi berbentuk teks saja tidak menampilkan gambar.

Newsgroup.

Newsgroup merupakan ruang percakapan bagi para anggota yang memiliki kepentingan yang sama.

Mailing List.

Mailing List salah satu keuntungan yang bisa diambil dari internet adalah kesempatan untuk saling berkomunikasi satu sama lain dengan menggunakan e-mail. Internet merupakan tempat yang sangat luas bagi komunikasi diskusi dengan topik tertentu yang didistribusikan melalui e-mail. Mailing list ini juga disebut grup diskusi, yaitu suatu wadah yang mengumpulkan e-mail dalam komunitas tertentu.

Search Engine (Mesin Pencari).

Untuk memudahkan penelusuran halaman web, terutama untuk menemukan halaman yang memuat topik-topik yang spesifik, maka para pengakses web dapat menggunakan suatu search engine (mesin pencari). Penelusuran berdasarkan search engine dilakukan berdasarkan kata kunci (keyword) yang kemudian akan dicocokan dengandatabase (basisdata) miliknya. Fasilitas search engine yang digunakan antara lain adalah Google (www.google.com) dan Yahoo (www.yahoo.com), altavista (www.altavista.com), dan lain-lain

Usernet News.

Adalah sistem diskusi dimana jutaan komputer saling bertukar informasi dalam banyak topik. Perbedaan utama antara usernet news dan mailing list adalah bahwa usernet message disimpan di komputer pusat (server) dan harus terhubung ke komputer tersebut untuk membaca atau men-download . Pesan dikirim ke mailbox tiap-tiap anggota.

Chatting.

Chatting merupakan fasilitas yang memungkinkan dua orang atau lebih melakukan komunikasi langsung melalui tulisan menggunakan program aplikasi. Program yang banyak digunakan misalnya Yahoo Messenger. Melalui program chat, pengguna internet dapat berkomunikasi secara masing-masing atau secara massa yang dapat dilakukan dimana saja diseluruh dunia hanya dalam waktu beberapa detik saja.

software aplikasi intenet

Saat ini aplikasi internet yang tersedia sudah banyak dan akan terus bertambah seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi informasi. Di bawah ini adalah berbagai aplikasi internet.

1. World Wide Web (WWW). WWW adalah dokumen-dokumen internet yang disimpan di server-server yang terdapat di seluruh dunia. Dokumen web dibuat dengan menggunakan format HTML.
2. E-Mail. E-Mail atau surat elektronik adalah aplikasi internet untuk sarana komunikasi surat-menyurat dalam bentuk elektronik. Adapun situs yang memberikan layanan e-mail seperti yahoo!, Gmail, bolehmail dan masih banyak lagi.
3. Mailing List. Mailing list atau Milis adalah aplikasi internet yang digunakan sebagai sarana diskusi atau bertukar informasi dalam satu kelompok melalui e-mail.
4. Newsgroup. Newsgroup adalah aplikasi internet yang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi satu sama lain dalam sebuah forum. Biasanya, anggota forum newsgroup mempunyai kepentingan dan ketertarikan yang sama serta membahas topik-topik tertentu.
5. Internet Relay Chat. IRC adalah aplikasi internet yang digunakan untuk bercakap-cakap di internet. Bercakap-cakap di internet dikenal dengan istilah chatting.
6. File Transfer Protocol. FTP adalah aplikasi internet yang digunakan untuk mengirimkan atau mengambil file ke atau dari komputer lain. FTP biasa digunakan untuk download dan upload file.
7. Telnet.Telnet adalah aplikasi internet yang digunakan untuk mengakses komputer yang letaknya jauh. Telnet dapat digunakan jika kita mempunyai IP Address dengan User ID and Password ke komputer tersebut.
8. Gopher. Gopher adalah aplikasi yang digunakan untuk mencari informasi yang ada di internet. Namun, informasi yang didapat hanya terbatas pada teks saja.
9. Ping. Ping adalah Packet Internet Gopher yang digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah komputer yang kita gunakan terhubung dengan komputer lain di internet.

Sejarah Internet

SEJARAH INTERNET

Sering online dong ,, tau nggak sejarah internet itu gmn ? g tau ? aduh >O< okedeh . aku beri tau yaa J
so, let’s checkidot guys

Tahun	Kejadian
1957	Uni Soviet (sekarang Rusia) meluncurkan wahana luar angkasa, Sputnik.
1958	Sebagai buntut dari "kekalahan" Amerika Serikat dalam meluncurkan wahana luar angkasa, dibentuklah sebuah badan di dalam Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat,Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), yang bertujuan agar Amerika Serikat mampu meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi negara tersebut. Salah satu sasarannya adalah teknologi komputer.
1962	J.C.R. Licklider menulis sebuah tulisan mengenai sebuah visi di mana komputer-komputer dapat saling dihubungkan antara satu dengan lainnya secara global agar setiap komputer tersebut mampu menawarkan akses terhadap program dan juga data. Pada tahun ini juga RAND Corporation memulai riset terhadap ide ini (jaringan komputer terdistribusi), yang ditujukan untuk tujuan militer.
Awal 1960-an	Teori mengenai packet-switching dapat diimplementasikan dalam dunia nyata.
Pertengahan 1960-an	ARPA mengembangkan ARPANET untuk mempromosikan "Cooperative Networking of Time-sharing Computers", dengan hanya empat buah host komputer yang dapat dihubungkan hingga tahun 1969, yakni Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Santa Barbara, dan University of Utah.
1965	Istilah "Hypertext" dikeluarkan oleh Ted Nelson.
1968	Jaringan Tymnet dibuat.
1971	Anggota jaringan ARPANET bertambah menjadi 23 buah node komputer, yang terdiri atas komputer-komputer untuk riset milik pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan universitas.
1972	Sebuah kelompok kerja yang disebut dengan International Network Working Group (INWG) dibuat untuk meningkatkan teknologi jaringan komputer dan juga membuat standar-standar untuk jaringan komputer, termasuk di antaranya adalah Internet. Pembicara pertama dari organisasi ini adalah Vint Cerf, yang kemudian disebut sebagai "Bapak Internet"
1972-1974	Beberapa layanan basis data komersial seperti Dialog, SDC Orbit, Lexis, The New York Times DataBank, dan lainnya, mendaftarkan dirinya ke ARPANET melalui jaringan dial-up.
1973	ARPANET ke luar Amerika Serikat: pada tahun ini, anggota ARPANET bertambah lagi dengan masuknya beberapa universitas di luar Amerika Serikat yakni University College of London dari Inggris dan Royal Radar Establishment di Norwegia.
1974	Vint Cerf dan Bob Kahn mempublikasikan spesifikasi detail protokol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) dalam artikel "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection".
1974	Bolt, Beranet & Newman (BBN), pontraktor untuk ARPANET, membuka sebuah versi komersial dari ARPANET yang mereka sebut sebagai Telenet, yang merupakan layanan paket data publik pertama.
1977	Sudah ada 111 buah komputer yang telah terhubung ke ARPANET.
1978	Protokol TCP dipecah menjadi dua bagian, yakni Transmission Control Protocol dan Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
1979	Grup diskusi Usenet pertama dibuat oleh Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis dan Steve Bellovin, alumni dari Duke University dan University of North Carolina Amerika Serikat. Setelah itu, penggunaan Usenet pun meningkat secara drastis. Pada tahun ini pula, emoticon diusulkan oleh Kevin McKenzie.
Awal 1980-an	Komputer pribadi (PC) mewabah, dan menjadi bagian dari banyak hidup manusia. Tahun ini tercatat ARPANET telah memiliki anggota hingga 213 host yang terhubung. Layanan BITNET (Because It's Time Network) dimulai, dengan menyediakan layanan e-mail, mailing list, dan juga File Transfer Protocol (FTP). CSNET (Computer Science Network) pun dibangun pada tahun ini oleh para ilmuwan dan pakar pada bidang ilmu komputer dari Purdue University, University of Washington,RAND Corporation, dan BBN, dengan dukungan dari National Science Foundation (NSF). Jaringan ini menyediakan layanan e-mail dan beberapa layanan lainnya kepada para ilmuwan tersebut tanpa harus mengakses ARPANET.
1982	Istilah "Internet" pertama kali digunakan, dan TCP/IP diadopsi sebagai protokol universal untuk jaringan tersebut. Name server mulai dikembangkan, sehingga mengizinkan para pengguna agar dapat terhubung kepada sebuah host tanpa harus mengetahui jalur pasti menuju host tersebut. Tahun ini tercatat ada lebih dari 1000 buah host yang tergabung ke Internet.
1986	Diperkenalkan sistem nama domain, yang sekarang dikenal dengan DNS (Domain Name System) yang berfungsi untuk menyeragamkan sistem pemberian nama alamat di jaringan komputer.